Ccpa compliant - CCPA compliance is a set of regulations that organisations must follow to protect the data privacy rights of California residents. It requires organisations to be transparent about their data collection and usage practices, to respond to consumer requests, and to implement reasonable security measures to protect user data.

 
Instead of beginning on January 1, 2020, CCPA enforcement will instead begin six months from the date that the AG issues the final regulations, although in no event later than July 1, 2020. If the Attorney General ultimately publishes the final regulations on or before July 1, 2019, then there will be no change in the start date for enforcement .... Webexpenses login

CPRA Checklist: How to Build Toward Compliance . CCPA and CPRA compliance is an a ll-hands-on-deck sort of thing, but will look different at every organization, depending on the type of personal information you’re collecting and your business plan. The following checklist isn’t comprehensive (for a more comprehensive …The GLB Act was adopted by Congress in 1999 and has been governing privacy at financial institutions across the United States for almost twenty years now. The California legislature, which passed the CCPA in June 2018 and amended it in August 2018, recognized that there may be conflicts between the laws and created the GLBA exemption.Working toward CCPA (CPRA) compliance at the earliest possible opportunity will help ensure you are not subject to allegations of having violated the law. If you do unintentionally violate the CCPA (CPRA), it will be far easier to cure your violation within the 30-day notice period from a position of preparedness.Have a CCPA-compliant privacy policy. This policy must include a description of a consumer’s privacy rights under CCPA and a link to the “Do not sell my personal information” page. Comply with consumer requests. A business must comply with a verified consumer request within 45 days. If the business can’t comply for some reason, it must ... The CCPA applies to any for-profit entity doing business in California that collects and controls the processing of a consumer’s personal information and also satisfies ANY one of the following thresholds: Exceeds $25 million gross revenue annually, Handles the personal information of 50,000 or more California consumers, households, or ... The information a business collects from this exercise will set the groundwork for understanding compliance obligations. Given the CCPA’s expansive definition of personal information, it is easy ...Compliance with the CCPA is crucial for businesses to avoid potential penalties and maintain consumer trust. By understanding the basics of the CCPA and its impact on their operations, businesses can take the necessary steps to ensure they are in compliance with the law and respect the privacy rights of California residents.Tips For Creating A CCPA Landing Page. Tip 1: If you don’t sell data, great – you should say so. But you still need to give users the option to request, move, change or delete personal data. Tip 2: You need to place a form on the landing page that …Here is your eight-step process for doing that. 1. Know Your Obligation to the CCPA. Dorsey & Whitney explains that the CCPA “goes far beyond current U.S. privacy protections, and in many respects emulates elements contained in the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).”.CCPA compliance with Cookiebot CMP. Cookiebot CMP is a tool that automatically scans your website, finds all cookies and similar tracking technology, and then enables compliance with both the CCPA and the EU’s GDPR.. Cookies (especially those from third parties embedded through plugins) can harvest personal information such as …May 5, 2023 · The CCPA took effect in June of 2018. In late 2020, California voters passed a ballot measure to strengthen the CCPA by creating the CPRA which took effect in January of 2023. The CPRA is not a ... Here is your eight-step process for doing that. 1. Know Your Obligation to the CCPA. Dorsey & Whitney explains that the CCPA “goes far beyond current U.S. privacy protections, and in many respects emulates elements contained in the European Union’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR).”.Jan 9, 2024 · Entities subject to the CCPA must understand and comply with its requirements or face financial and legal risks. Read more : 5 Best CCPA Compliance Tools. Cost of CCPA non-compliance. Understanding the costs associated with non-compliance is crucial for organizations aiming to maintain regulatory adherence and preserve customer relationships. Therefore, the CCPA has requested ASCI to forward any advertisement that is non-compliant with the ASCI Code and could potentially violate the Consumer …If you do not have CCPA compliance, the penalties are severe. Non-compliance can result in a fine of up to $7,500 per violation. If you receive a notification of non-compliance, you have up to 30 days to activate the changes. You might receive a 45-day request. This request is to provide further information about your compliance status.Monitor progress of PI documentation, showing how it is processed, shared and protected to stay ahead of CCPA compliance requirements. CCPA regulatory glossary Define CCPA terminology such as “personal information”, “biometric data” and “consumer” so that data privacy efforts remain consistent across departments and responsibilities.For comprehensive CCPA compliance, organizations must perform multiple controls besides honoring GPC and Do Not Track signals. Besides Sephora in retail, businesses in fitness, technology, ad tech , and fintech, among other industries, have also been served notices for non-compliant opt-outs.May 9, 2023 · CCPA Compliance Checklist. CCPA compliance doesn’t have to be a stressful, all-consuming effort within your organization. Here are a few tips and action items that you can take along with ways to ensure you’re CCPA compliant now, and well into the future. 1. Preparation. Identify and classify your data assets; Understand new consumer rights Small businesses often face unique challenges when it comes to managing their finances. From keeping track of expenses and invoices to staying compliant with tax regulations, the a...Jul 1, 2023 · CCPA (CPRA) GDPR: CalOPPA: Information about California consumers' CCPA (CPRA) consumer rights. Information about your EU users' GDPR data subject rights.: N/A: Instructions on how California consumers can request access to and deletion of their personal information. Nov 27, 2023 · 1. Understand the scope and requirements of CCPA compliance. Determine if the CCPA applies to your business. Familiarize yourself with the rights CCPA grants to California consumers. 2. Data inventory and mapping. Conduct a thorough data inventory to identify what personal information you collect. To help businesses operationalize CCPA’s requirements, we present here five concrete action items privacy professionals can tackle, as well as the considerations that underpin each step. ... The Internet Society’s Online Trust Alliance examined 1,200 privacy notices to see whether companies are compliant with existing and upcoming privacy ...CCPA compliance framework with requirements and controls to help you get started. Quickly collect evidence to document your efforts toward CCPA compliance. Work with the productivity tools you already have. Re-use …The SixFifty CCPA Applicability quiz can help your organization determine whether the new privacy laws will apply to you. Consulting an attorney is also recommended. 2. Create a Data Map. Even before the CCPA regulations go into effect in 2020, your organization should begin mapping where and how the personal information …Specifically, this year’s sweep focuses on the compliance of streaming services with CCPA’s opt-out requirements for businesses that sell or share consumer personal information, including those that do not offer an easy mechanism for consumers who want to stop the sale of their data.The CCPA imposes several measures for businesses and how they process personal data. Shopify websites use cookies and tracking scripts to capture IP address information, considered personal data under the act. To be CCPA compliant, businesses must first understand their responsibilities as data controllers for managing cookie consent.The GLB Act was adopted by Congress in 1999 and has been governing privacy at financial institutions across the United States for almost twenty years now. The California legislature, which passed the CCPA in June 2018 and amended it in August 2018, recognized that there may be conflicts between the laws and created the GLBA exemption.Under CCPA, an IP address may be considered personal data if it can identify a household. Hotjar's default behavior is that IP addresses of visitors are always ...For comprehensive CCPA compliance, organizations must perform multiple controls besides honoring GPC and Do Not Track signals. Besides Sephora in retail, businesses in fitness, technology, ad tech , and fintech, among other industries, have also been served notices for non-compliant opt-outs.What are other steps and best practices for CCPA cookie compliance? Not following CCPA rules can lead to hefty fines—$2,500 to $7,500 per violation for each person affected. For instance, a company with 50,000 customers could face a minimum fine of $125 million for not sharing its cookie policy.The CCPA is a new law that regulates the use and sale of an individual’s personal information. It was passed in June of 2018 and went into effect on January 1, 2020. Personal information under the CCPA compliance requirements includes: Your postal address or physical location.This is why consumers have rights, access requests, and explicit consent to be CCPA compliant. This is why you need a CCPA checklist to keep up with security practices and legal obligations. Annual gross revenue exceeding $25 million. Dealing with the personal information of 50,000 households or more consumers or devices for …Finally, when it comes to staying compliant, we have you covered. Our legal team regularly reviews and updates the privacy policy generator as laws change. When new laws are passed — like some recent US state laws — we’ll also review and update as needed. You’ll be in the loop to make sure your policy stays compliant.The date the CCPA privacy policy was last updated. How to review and maintain your privacy policy to ensure compliance. The CCPA privacy policy should be maintained periodically and notice of any changes to the policy must be clearly made. Here are some recommended measures to consider for maintenance and notice of changes:Without an official government policy, airlines and airports have instituted a patchwork of rules and guidelines in response to coronavirus. It's left travelers confused and compan...Therefore, the CCPA has requested ASCI to forward any advertisement that is non-compliant with the ASCI Code and could potentially violate the Consumer …CCPA applies to any business that meets the following criteria: Generating a gross annual revenue of more than $25 million; Buy, receive, or sell the personal data of 50,000 or more California’s residents, households, or devices; Derive 50% or more of their annual revenue from selling PI of California residents.Sep 13, 2023 · Below is an easy-to-follow checklist covering all aspects of CCPA compliance for businesses applicable to websites and apps — with CPRA amendments included. Part 1 – Audit your website or app. Solution: Manually audit what information you collect and use our Cookie Scanner to find what cookies you use. Source. Perform a privacy audit: CCPA compliance is a set of regulations that organisations must follow to protect the data privacy rights of California residents. It requires organisations to be transparent about their data collection and usage practices, to respond to consumer requests, and to implement reasonable security measures to protect user data.Specifically, this year’s sweep focuses on the compliance of streaming services with CCPA’s opt-out requirements for businesses that sell or share consumer personal information, including those that do not offer an easy mechanism for consumers who want to stop the sale of their data.When does my company need to comply with the CCPA? The law went into effect on January 1, 2020, but enforcement began on July 1. What happens if my company is not in compliance with the CCPA?... (CCPA), which will require U.S. companies to implement a number of similar privacy initiatives, which will afford California residents unparalleled (in the United States) data privacy rights. The law takes effect on January 1, 2020, and the following summarizes the law, including who it applies to and how, and offers a step-by-step guide to ... CCPA consumer notice requirements. Not only do you have to publish an updated and fully CCPA-compliant privacy policy, but you also have to tell your contacts about it, too. Under the CCPA regulation, this action is called “notice” and often takes the form of an email marketing message.The CCPA took effect in June of 2018. In late 2020, California voters passed a ballot measure to strengthen the CCPA by creating the CPRA which took effect in January of 2023. The CPRA is not a ...“VOC compliant” means that a compound’s level of VOCs, or volatile organic compounds, is compliant with a jurisdiction’s regulations. VOCs are organic compounds that evaporate at r...The law likewise imposes obligations on businesses to ensure consumers can exercise this right. Although the CCPA and its regulations provide a framework, operationalizing the consumer request process can be complex. Two compliance issues that present challenges for organizations covered by the CCPA are: The scope of information subject...Jul 1, 2023 · CCPA (CPRA) GDPR: CalOPPA: Information about California consumers' CCPA (CPRA) consumer rights. Information about your EU users' GDPR data subject rights.: N/A: Instructions on how California consumers can request access to and deletion of their personal information. There are ways you can hack and change Google Analytics to make it CCPA compliant. What you need to do is restrict data collection and data processing that Google Analytics does by default. Go into the “Admin” section of your Google Analytics account and look into these settings: In “Account Settings”, disable all the data sharing options.Each set of regulations – HIPAA, PCI, GDPR, and the CCPA – contains different definitions and requirements, all of which have an impact on the way that you work with Azure. Ensuring compliance with these regulations is critical. HIPAA fines alone cost ten companies $28.7 million in 2018, which broke the previous 2016 record for HIPAA …You will also need to review all CCPA compliance-related data management practices of your service partners, third parties, and contractors. Note: Under CCPA regulations businesses are required to conduct regular CCPA compliance training to ensure all employees and contractors adhere to the promises made to consumers regarding CCPA …Dec 4, 2023 · The CCPA will generally be enforced by the California Attorney General. Fines for non-compliance are $2,500 per violation or $7,500 per intentional violation. “ Per violation ” is generally understood to mean per person whose privacy rights you violated. Compliant use of Google Analytics is possible, but it is the customer’s responsibility to use the tool lawfully. If you use Google Analytics, you have two alternatives to comply with the CCPA: providing your visitors with an option to opt-out through a “Do Not Sell Or Share My Data” page.I recently bought a pair of mirrored sunglasses and they are already scratched. Isn't there a way to make them scratch-resistant? Advertisement Reflective sunglasses often have a m...You will also need to review all CCPA compliance-related data management practices of your service partners, third parties, and contractors. Note: Under CCPA regulations businesses are required to conduct regular CCPA compliance training to ensure all employees and contractors adhere to the promises made to consumers regarding CCPA …CCPA stands for California Consumer Protection Act and is similar to GDPR in that they both give consumers more transparency into and power over the use of their personal information. However, they are not one and the same. If your business is GDPR-compliant, that doesn’t necessarily mean you’re already in compliance with the CCPA.Small businesses often face unique challenges when it comes to managing their finances. From keeping track of expenses and invoices to staying compliant with tax regulations, the a...Jul 1, 2023 · CCPA (CPRA) GDPR: CalOPPA: Information about California consumers' CCPA (CPRA) consumer rights. Information about your EU users' GDPR data subject rights.: N/A: Instructions on how California consumers can request access to and deletion of their personal information. Working toward CCPA (CPRA) compliance at the earliest possible opportunity will help ensure you are not subject to allegations of having violated the law. If you do unintentionally violate the CCPA (CPRA), it will be far easier to cure your violation within the 30-day notice period from a position of preparedness.The CCPA applies to organizations that do business in California and meet one or more of the following: Annual gross revenues exceeding US$25 million. Buys, receives, sells or shares for commercial purposes the personal information of 50,000 or more California consumers, households or devices. Derives 50 percent or more of its …The development comes after backlash that the company deleted Mark Zuckerberg's old messages. Facebook will introduce an “unsend” button in Messenger, which would let a user erase ...While the long term implications of the CCPA and the regulators’ enforcement priorities remain to be seen, one thing is certain: CCPA has wide-reaching data privacy requirements—and the most regulatory enforcement ‘teeth’—of any state-based US regulation to date. It’s clear that CCPA compliance calls upon mobile app developers to …CCPA compliance framework with requirements and controls to help you get started. Quickly collect evidence to document your efforts toward CCPA compliance. Work with the productivity tools you already have. Re-use …Jul 29, 2020 · It is essential to cover all bases from the start to make the compliance workflow as smooth and efficient as possible. Let’s take a look at the steps developers can take to comply with each regulation. Complying With CCPA Data Mapping. To stay compliant, developers need to integrate proper data-mapping techniques into their systems. When a product is labeled “TAA compliant,” it means the item was made under guidelines set out in the Trade Agreements Act. Manufacturers who wish to contract with the government o...Sep 27, 2021 · Download the eBook: The Ultimate Guide to CCPA Compliance. CCPA compliance has many benefits including providing organizations with both marketing and competitive advantages in the marketplace as well as avoiding heavy fines that can range up to $2500 per unintentional violation or $7500 per intentional violation. Overview of the CCPA To stay compliant with the CCPA and GDPR data privacy standards, you will need to maintain secure websites and protect consumers’ personal data. What are the risks of noncompliance with the CCPA and GDPR? Penalties for noncompliance of CCPA/CPRA and GDPR both aim to hit where it hurts—your bottom line. Depending on the severity of …Jul 29, 2020 · It is essential to cover all bases from the start to make the compliance workflow as smooth and efficient as possible. Let’s take a look at the steps developers can take to comply with each regulation. Complying With CCPA Data Mapping. To stay compliant, developers need to integrate proper data-mapping techniques into their systems. Dec 4, 2023 · The CCPA will generally be enforced by the California Attorney General. Fines for non-compliance are $2,500 per violation or $7,500 per intentional violation. “ Per violation ” is generally understood to mean per person whose privacy rights you violated. Attention: Chief Ethics & Compliance Officer Post Office Box 800 Rosemead, CA 91770. Residential Customers: (800) 655-4555 Business Customers: (800) 990-7788. Email: [email protected] . Note that information regarding these contacts or correspondence with SCE may be retained in a file specific to you.Mar 12, 2020 · CCPA Compliant Cookie Banners. The CCPA and GDPR require different cookie banners and have different cookie rules for compliance. It’s important for website owners to dynamically display different cookie banners based on website visitor’s location. Geolocation rules allow website owners to select which banners will display in which regions. The right to know is an integral step in CCPA compliance and stems from a principle of transparency. In other words, transparency is the foundation of all other rights, such as the right to deletion under the CCPA, and it is a prerequisite …For those of us who post anything pertaining to finance, creating or finding compliant content is time consuming. Is there a better way to use your HUMAN For those of us who post a...Nov 27, 2023 · 1. Understand the scope and requirements of CCPA compliance. Determine if the CCPA applies to your business. Familiarize yourself with the rights CCPA grants to California consumers. 2. Data inventory and mapping. Conduct a thorough data inventory to identify what personal information you collect. CCPA compliance with Cookiebot CMP. Cookiebot CMP is a tool that automatically scans your website, finds all cookies and similar tracking technology, and then enables compliance with both the CCPA and the EU’s GDPR.. Cookies (especially those from third parties embedded through plugins) can harvest personal information such as …While the long term implications of the CCPA and the regulators’ enforcement priorities remain to be seen, one thing is certain: CCPA has wide-reaching data privacy requirements—and the most regulatory enforcement ‘teeth’—of any state-based US regulation to date. It’s clear that CCPA compliance calls upon mobile app developers to … This Google™ translation feature is provided for informational purposes only. The Office of the Attorney General is unable to guarantee the accuracy of this translation and is therefore not liable for any inaccurate information resulting from the translation application tool. What is CCPA Compliance? Considered to be one of the strictest privacy laws in the United States, CCPA compliance requires a number of both pro-active and consumer-focused policies to be implemented. In addition, the consumers rights as to the collection, saving, and use of their personal data, businesses also need to consider a number of ... Your company has to ensure that agreements with service providers are CCPA compliant. Company; The CCPA allows businesses to share personal information with third parties or service providers for business purposes, so long as there is a written contract prohibiting the third party or service provider from selling the personal information or ...CCPA stands for California Consumer Protection Act and is similar to GDPR in that they both give consumers more transparency into and power over the use of their personal information. However, they are not one and the same. If your business is GDPR-compliant, that doesn’t necessarily mean you’re already in compliance with the CCPA.Compliant use of Google Analytics is possible, but it is the customer’s responsibility to use the tool lawfully. If you use Google Analytics, you have two alternatives to comply with the CCPA: providing your visitors with an option to opt-out through a “Do Not Sell Or Share My Data” page.While the long term implications of the CCPA and the regulators’ enforcement priorities remain to be seen, one thing is certain: CCPA has wide-reaching data privacy requirements—and the most regulatory enforcement ‘teeth’—of any state-based US regulation to date. It’s clear that CCPA compliance calls upon mobile app developers to …May 9, 2023 · CCPA Compliance Checklist. CCPA compliance doesn’t have to be a stressful, all-consuming effort within your organization. Here are a few tips and action items that you can take along with ways to ensure you’re CCPA compliant now, and well into the future. 1. Preparation. Identify and classify your data assets; Understand new consumer rights A Comprehensive CCPA Compliance Guide. DataGrail, November 10, 2022. As of Jan. 1, 2023, the CPRA has amended the CCPA and adds new privacy protections for California consumers. Learn more … To meet CCPA Compliance requirements, a business must actively uphold the four primary rights guaranteed by the Act: The right to know – Consumers in California have the right to know what data is collected from them. This includes the kinds of information, the amount thereof, and how the data is being collected; it also includes the reasons ... Choose a language. This updates what you read on open.spotify.comThese FAQs should help businesses determine whether they are indeed subject to the CCPA, and, if so, learn more about the CCPA’s obligations and how to implement policies and procedures to ensure compliance. 1. Which businesses does the CCPA apply to? In general, the CCPA applies to a “business” that: A. Does business in the State of ...Mar 9, 2023 · Cookie Consent Integrate a free Cookie Consent banner notice for ePrivacy Directive + GDPR. In the fast-paced world of finance and accounting, staying compliant and up-to-date with the latest regulations is crucial. Surgent Continuing Professional Education (CPE) offers a...The Americans with Disabilities Act’s standards for accessible design require that all public restrooms are accessible, states the Illinois ADA Project, which means that at least o...Compliance technology designed to address privacy frameworks and enable privacy protections can give you and your organization the edge you need to stay ahead of changing privacy regulations. From the CCPA to GDPR, collaborative and intuitive functionality allows your team to focus on the risks, controls, and evidence that really …

To meet CCPA Compliance requirements, a business must actively uphold the four primary rights guaranteed by the Act: The right to know – Consumers in California have the right to know what data is collected from them. This includes the kinds of information, the amount thereof, and how the data is being collected; it also includes the reasons that data is …. Gauss money

ccpa compliant

Have a CCPA-compliant privacy policy. This policy must include a description of a consumer’s privacy rights under CCPA and a link to the “Do not sell my personal information” page. Comply with consumer requests. A business must comply with a verified consumer request within 45 days. 1. Understand the scope and requirements of CCPA compliance. Determine if the CCPA applies to your business. Familiarize yourself with the rights CCPA grants to California consumers. 2. Data inventory and mapping. Conduct a thorough data inventory to identify what personal information you collect.This feature allows Google products to comply with data privacy regulations like CCPA and GDPR. You can implement a few additional steps on your Google Analytics account. To limit data sharing, go to: Admin > Account Settings > Data Sharing Settings and uncheck the features. CCPA compliance is a set of regulations that organisations must follow to protect the data privacy rights of California residents. It requires organisations to be transparent about their data collection and usage practices, to respond to consumer requests, and to implement reasonable security measures to protect user data. The CCPA, for example, doesn’t require personal information to be deleted if it’s needed to. Complete a transaction that relies on the collection of specific personal information. Provide a requested good or service or one that’s “reasonably anticipated” as part of an ongoing business relationship. Carry out a contract between ...The CCPA has requested ASCI to forward any advertisement that is non-compliant with the ASCI Code and could potentially violate the Consumer Protection …In today’s rapidly changing business landscape, staying compliant with industry regulations is of utmost importance. Staying up-to-date with industry standards and regulations is c...CCPA stands for California Consumer Protection Act and is similar to GDPR in that they both give consumers more transparency into and power over the use of their personal information. However, they are not one and the same. If your business is GDPR-compliant, that doesn’t necessarily mean you’re already in compliance with the CCPA.Even out-of-state companies are affected by the CCPA and must ensure their privacy practices are updated and compliant. What are the CCPA requirements? Under the CCPA, California residents have a right-to-know about the categories of personal information that is being collected, how it is used, the purpose of its collection, and the categories ...A formal privacy measurement model is useful for compliance with GDPR and CCPA since it can demonstrate the level of privacy applied to data and is “an approach to the application of data de-identification techniques that enables the calculation of re-identification risk and, in some cases, provides mathematical guarantees against re ... To meet CCPA Compliance requirements, a business must actively uphold the four primary rights guaranteed by the Act: The right to know – Consumers in California have the right to know what data is collected from them. This includes the kinds of information, the amount thereof, and how the data is being collected; it also includes the reasons ... The SixFifty CCPA Applicability quiz can help your organization determine whether the new privacy laws will apply to you. Consulting an attorney is also recommended. 2. Create a Data Map. Even before the CCPA regulations go into effect in 2020, your organization should begin mapping where and how the personal information …The SixFifty CCPA Applicability quiz can help your organization determine whether the new privacy laws will apply to you. Consulting an attorney is also recommended. 2. Create a Data Map. Even before the CCPA regulations go into effect in 2020, your organization should begin mapping where and how the personal information …The specific penalties for CCPA non-compliance can vary depending on the nature and severity of the violation, but may include: Civil fines: The CCPA allows for civil fines of up to $2,500 per violation or up to $7,500 per intentional violation. These fines can add up quickly, especially in cases where a business has violated multiple ...CCPA consumer notice requirements. Not only do you have to publish an updated and fully CCPA-compliant privacy policy, but you also have to tell your contacts about it, too. Under the CCPA regulation, this action is called “notice” and often takes the form of an email marketing message.The SixFifty CCPA Applicability quiz can help your organization determine whether the new privacy laws will apply to you. Consulting an attorney is also recommended. 2. Create a Data Map. Even before the CCPA regulations go into effect in 2020, your organization should begin mapping where and how the personal information …CCPA compliance and regulation applies to for-profit businesses that conduct business in California or with California residents and meet the following criteria: The business has a gross annual revenue … The CCPA regulations’ notice and comment process took some time. Below is a series of steps covered businesses should consider taking as they work toward compliance: 1. Monitor CCPA/CPRA legislative activity to ensure the business is aware of additional amendments, as well as regulations expected to be issued in the first half of 2022. 2. It might leak memory on domain controllers (DCs). This issue occurs after you install KB5035857 (March 12, 2024). The leak occurs when on-premises and cloud ….

Popular Topics